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Informational Resources on Brain Nutrition, Neuroethics, Brain Medicine, Neurobiological Pharmaceuticals, Neuroscience, Consciousness and Cognitive Enhancement

Resources
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Introduction to the Brain

Brain Facts: A Primer on the Brain and Nervous System presented by the Society for Neuroscience pdf

Brain Nutrition

Dietary Supplements: What Do You Know? What Should You Know?
video presentation- October, 2004
by Paul M. Coates, PhD, Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health

The Council for Responsible Nutrition The Science Behind the Supplements

Neuroscience for Kids - Nutrition and the Brain an excellent introductory orientation on how diet and nutrition effects the brain.

Vitamin E Reduces Mental Decline Among Older Persons
by Ray Sahelian, M.D.

Antioxidants improve cognition in elderly women
Nutrition Research Newsletter, May 2003

Can nutrient supplements modify brain function?
The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
by John D Fernstrom

High-dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women
Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health
by Francine Grodstein, Jennifer Chen and Walter C Willett

Prenatal Choline Supplements Make Brain Cells Larger, Faster
Duke University Medical Center, March 2004

Alcohol and the Brain: Neuroscience and Neurobehavior a special report on the effects of alcohol on the brain

Effects of a 14-Day Healthy Longevity Lifestyle Program on Cognition and Brain Function

You (and Your Brain) are What You Eat by Andrew Weil, M.D

Rise in mental illness linked to unhealthy diets, say studies by Felicity Lawrence

NIH Seeks Strategies to Preserve Brain Health

Cognitive Health by Elizabeth Srejic

Effects of nutrition on brain development in humans by G Robert Delong, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Duke University Medical Center

The Healthy Brain Initiative: A National Public Health Road Map to Maintaining Cognitive Health presented by the CDC and Alzheimer's Association

Mental Health

Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General a superb report on the current state of brain and mental health

Mental health a concern for older people by Bill Mead

May is Mental Health Month, 'Mind Your Health' by Liz Atwell

Long-term Effects of Cognitive Training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

Neuroscience Research

UCSF Research Pinpoints Brain Molecule’s Role in Developing Addiction

Immune cells help maintain brain cell renewal by Judy Siegel-Itzkovich

Brain Study Examines Maturation Process by Mary Katherine Flanigan

Autistic brain never 'rests' by Megan Rauscher

Evolution of the Brain and Consciousness

Without Miracles: Brain Evolution and Development

Evolution of Consciousness Literature Review, Notes and Excerpts
by Doug Phillips

The Evolution of Primate Intelligence
by Scott Rifkin

Neuroethics and Cognitive Enhancement

Policy Implications of Technologies for Cognitive Enhancement The University of Arizona

Neuroethics Website at The University of Pennsylvania neuroethics.upenn.edu

Meeting Neuroethical Challenges in Cognitive Enhancement a recent conference on the ethical and social implications of cognitive enhancement.

Neuroethics: Mapping the Field Conference proceedings. Hosted by Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco, May 13-14, 2002.

Articles on Brain Function, Supplementation, and Enhancement

New Research Finds that the Common Arguments Against the Development of Cognitive Enhancers are Misguided Nov 14, 2005

The Battle for Your Brain Science is developing ways to boost intelligence, expand memory, and more. But will you be allowed to change your own mind?
by Ronald Bailey

Cognitive Enhancers May 14, 1998
by Jay Ingram

Race Is On for a Pill to Save the Memory New York Times, July 29, 2003
by David Tuller

Brain Gain: Drugs that Boost Intelligence by Julie Erlich

Enhancing Cognitive Function Keeping your memory in tip top shape
LE Magazine May 2000
by Ivy Greenwell

For Fear of a 'Cognitive Divide' Developing safe, specific, powerful memory-improving drugs raises many ethical issues about the implications of cognitive enhancement.
by Eugene Russo

Supercharging the Brain New drugs promise to improve memory and sharpen mental response. Who should be allowed to take them?
The Economist, Sept. 16, 2004

Seeking Smart Drugs Federal and biotech labs research a new generation of drug therapy that improves memory and concentration without side effects
by Eugene Russo

'Smart pills' make headway
by Rita Rubin, USA TODAY

Cognitive Enhancers: The New Frontier in Treating Age and Dementia
by Nadia Halim

No 10 scientist urges brain pills for all by David Cracknell and Steven Swinford

Brain Screensavers

The Secret Life of the Brain Screensaver by pbs.org (also available in Macintosh format)

Wikipedia Entries

Brain introductory article on brain structure, fields of study, and neurobiology

Neuroscience situates the discipline of neuroscience among related scientific research areas, delineates the history of the field, and lists major themes of research

Nootropics explores the different classes of nootropic substances (cholinergics, dopaminergics, and serotonergics) and their uses for depression, brain energy, concentration and memory enhancement

Groups and Usenet

Cerebral Health Group

Alzheimer's Disease Support Group

bionet.neuroscience

rec.drugs.smart

Mind-L neurotech

Forums

Synaptine Nootropics

Cognitive Neuroscience Forum

Immortality Institute

BrainMeta extensive moderator abuse present. While this forum should be listed as a forum in the community as a point of discussion, CerebralHealth.com does not recommend any information emanating from this forum regarding nootropics due to moderator abuse and deception.

Neurotechnology Software

Neuro-Programmer

Advanced Neuroscience

National Institutes of Health Seminar Series in Neuroscience online videos in neuroscience.

BrainMaps.org a high-resolution digital brain atlas based on scanned images of serial sections of monkey brains that is fully integrated with a high-speed database server for querying and retrieving data about primate brain structure and function over the internet.

Brain Conditions and Disorders Research

Alzheimer's Disease

Brain Scans May Predict Alzheimer's Risk

Can You Prevent Alzheimer's Disease? by Christine Gorman

Cognitive enhancement therapy for Alzheimer's disease. The way forward
Parnetti L, Senin U, Mecocci P.
Perugia University, Italy. parnetti@unipg.it

Study hopes to identify brain changes in memory loss

Multiple Sclerosis

Schizophrenia

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for Schizophrenia: Effects of a 2-Year Randomized Trial on Cognition and Behavior
Gerard E. Hogarty, MSW; Samuel Flesher, PhD; Richard Ulrich, MS; Mary Carter, PhD; Deborah Greenwald, PhD; Michael Pogue-Geile, PhD; Matcheri Kechavan, MD; Susan Cooley, MSN; Ann Louise DiBarry, MSN; Ann Garrett, PhD; Haranath Parepally, MD; Rebecca Zoretich, MSEd
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:866-876.

Neurotransmitter Information and Research

Neurotransmitters and Neuroactive Peptides an introductory presentation on neurotransmitters

Brain Neurotransmitters by Ben Best

Acetylcholine

Acetlycholine a solid introduction to acetylcholine by Dr. William S. Messer, Jr., Professor of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry at The University of Toledo

Dopamine

Dopamine Wikipedia article

Serotonin

Serotonin and Its Uses by Andrea Byrd

Serotonin: The Neurotransmitter for the 90's by Ronald F. Borne, Ph.D., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi

Histamine

Histamine by Dr. William S. Messer, Jr., Professor of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry at The University of Toledo

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine in Psychiatry by John J. Spollen III, MD

Norepinephrine by Gary Aston-Jones

Epinephrine

Epinephrine Wikipedia entry

Cognitive Enhancers Research Abstracts

Acetyl-L-carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia.
Hudson S, Tabet N.
Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK

A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD.
Thal LJ, Calvani M, Amato A, Carta A.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA. lthal@ucsd.edu

Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress.
Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN.
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

Comparison of the effects of acetyl l-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trial
Tomassini V, Pozzilli C, Onesti E, Pasqualetti P, Marinelli F, Pisani A, Fieschi C.
Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Rome "La Sapienza", viale dell' Universita 30, Rome 00185, Italy.

Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease patients unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Bianchetti A., Rozzini R., Trabucchi M.
Geriatric Research Group, Brescia, Italy

Alpha GPC

Cognition stimulating drugs modulate protein kinase C activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of …
L Lucchi, A Pascale, F Battaini, S Govoni, M … - Life Sci, 1993 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile …
L Parnetti, G Abate, L Bartorelli, D Cucinotta, M … - Drugs Aging, 1993 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine on the EEG power spectrum in the rat
C Lacomba, R Cagiano, O Maci, J Valerio, V Cuomo - Drug Development Research, 1992 - doi.wiley.com

Chronic L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline increases inositol phosphate formation in brain slices …
G Aleppo, F Nicoletti, MA Sortino, G Casabona, U … - Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1994 - grande.nal.usda.gov

alpha-Glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks. An Italian …
G Barbagallo Sangiorgi, M Barbagallo, M Giordano, … - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1994 - annalsonline.org

Aniracetam

Nootropic Agents Enhance the Recruitment of Fast GABAA Inhibition in Rat Neocortex
Douglas S.F. Ling and Larry S. Benardo
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA

The Mechanism of Action of Aniracetam at Synaptic -Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors: Indirect and Direct Effects on Desensitization
J. Josh Lawrence, Stephan Brenowitz, and Laurence O. Trussell
Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon

Allosteric potentiation of quisqualate receptors by a nootropic drug aniracetam
I Ito, S Tanabe, A Kohda and H Sugiyama
Fujigotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Company, Gotemba, Japan.

AIT-082 Neotrofin, leteprinim potassium

AIT-082, a Cognitive Enhancer, Is Transported into Brain by a Nonsaturable Influx Mechanism and out of Brain by a Saturable Efflux Mechanism
Eve M. Taylor, Rongzi Yan, Nils Hauptmann, Timothy J. Maher, Daniela Djahandideh and Alvin J. Glasky
NeoTherapeutics Inc., Irvine, California

Ashwagandha

Scientific Basis for the Therapeutic Use of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review
Lakshmi-Chandra Mishra, MD (Ayur), PhD, Betsy B. Singh, PhD, Simon Dagenais, BA

Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha
Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, Diwanay S, Patwardhan B.
Medinova Diagnostics Center, Indian Drugs Research Association, Pune, India.

Dendrite extension by methanol extract of Ashwagandha (roots of Withania somnifera) in SK-N-SH cells
Neuroreport. 11(9):1981-1985, June 26, 2000.

Axon- or dendrite-predominant outgrowth induced by constituents from Ashwagandha
Neuroreport. 13(14):1715-1720, October 7, 2002.

Centrophenoxine

Potentiation of the cytotoxic action of melphalan and "activated" cyclophosphamide against cultured tumor cells by centrophenoxine
NE Sladek

Modulatory effects of centrophenoxine on different regions of ageing rat brain
Bhalla P, Nehru B.
Department of Biophysics,Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India. Exp Gerontol. 2005 Aug 30

Health Benefits of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
Horrocks LA, Yeo YK
Docosa Foods Ltd, 1275 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212-1155, USA

Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants
Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG, Prestidge C.
Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas 75321, USA.

Decrease in neuron size in docosahexaenoic acid-deficient brain.
Ahmad A, Moriguchi T, Salem N.
Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Therapeutic effects of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders.
Martinez M, Vazquez E, Garcia-Silva MT, Manzanares J, Bertran JM, Castello F, Mougan I.
Hospital Materno-Infantil Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain, and the Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. mmartinez@cinet.fcr.es

Efficacy and Safety of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Addition to Infant Formulas: Can One Buy Better Vision and Intelligence?
Winston W. K. Koo, MBBS, FACN
Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Modification by docosahexaenoic acid of age-induced alterations in gene expression and molecular composition of rat brain phospholipids
Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn, Endre Hgyes, Klára Kitajka, László G. Puskás, Ágnes Zvara , László Hackler, Jr. , Csaba Nyakas , Zsuzsa Penke and Tibor Farkas
Institute of Biochemistry and Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Neurophysiological Research Laboratory of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; and Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary

DMAE

General

Treatment, enhancement, and the ethics of neurotherapeutics
Paul Root Wolpe
Department of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Ethics, Department of Sociology, and Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Cognitive Enhancers
M. Levenson, Ph.D. and J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Baylor College of Medicine Department of Neuroscience

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial.
Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R.
Bronfman Science Center, Williams College, 33 Hoxsey St, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA. psolomon@williams.edu

Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract
Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J.
Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35032 Marburg, Germany.

Huperzine-A

Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (−)-huperzine A
Mia L. Raves, Michal Harel, Yuan-Ping Pang, Israel Silman, Alan P. Kozikowski & Joel L. Sussman
Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, The Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA, Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, Institute of Cognitive and Computational Sciences, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA, Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA

Efficacy of tablet huperzine-A on memory, cognition, and behavior in Alzheimer's disease.
Xu SS, Gao ZX, Weng Z, Du ZM, Xu WA, Yang JS, Zhang ML, Tong ZH, Fang YS, Chai XS, et al.
Zhejiang Supervision and Detection Station of Drug Abuse, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou, China.

Hydergine

Lack of efficacy of hydergine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
TL Thompson, CM Filley, WD Mitchell, KM Culig, M LoVerde, and RL Byyny
Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver.

The effects of an ergot alkaloid derivative (Hydergine) on aspects of psychomotor performance, arousal, and cognitive processing ability
I Hindmarch, AC Parrott, and M Lanza

Idebenone

Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: update on a 2- …
H Gutzmann, D Hadler - J. Neural Transm, 1998 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Alzheimer's
disease: update on a 2-year double-blind multicentre study. ...

Oxiracetam

Oxiracetam prevents the hippocampal cholinergic hypofunction induced by the NMDA receptor blocker …
P Belfiore, F Ponzio, R Biagetti, C Berettera, M … - Neuroscience Letters, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oxiracetam prevents the hippocampal cholinergic hypofunction induced by the
NMDA receptor blocker AP7. Belfiore P, Ponzio F, Biagetti ...

Interactions between oxiracetam, aniracetam and scopolamine on behavior and brain acetylcholine
G Spignoli, G Pepeu - Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1987 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Interactions between oxiracetam, aniracetam and scopolamine on behavior and brain
acetylcholine. ... Lower and higher doses of oxiracetam were ineffective. ...

… of hippocampally-mediated learning and protein kinase C activity by oxiracetam in learning-impaired …
DE Fordyce, VJ Clark, R Paylor, JM Wehner - Brain Res, 1995 - ingentaconnect.com
... Enhancement of hippocampally-mediated learning and protein kinase C activity
by oxiracetam in learning-impaired DBA/2 mice. Authors ...

Clinical studies with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct …
C Villardita, S Grioli, C Lomeo, C Cattaneo, J … - Neuropsychobiology, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Clinical studies with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of Alzheimer
type and multi-infarct dementia of mild to moderate degree. ...

Oxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
G Bottini, G Vallar, S Cappa, GC Monza, E Scarpini … - Acta Neurol Scand, 1992 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ... Pyrrolidines;
oxiracetam. PMID: 1414239 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Oxiracetam prevents the MK-801 induced amnesia for the elevated plus-maze in mice
Z Hlinak, I Krejci - Behav Brain Res, 2000 - ingentaconnect.com
... Oxiracetam prevents the MK-801 induced amnesia for the elevated plus-maze
in mice. Authors: Hlinak Z. 1 ; Krejc I. Source: Behavioural ...

Oxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, …
G Maina, L Fiori, R Torta, MB Fagiani, L Ravizza, … - Neuropsychobiology, 1989 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct
dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Maina ...

Oxiracetam increases the release of endogenous glutamate from depolarized rat hippocampal slices
M Marchi, E Besana, M Raiteri - Eur J Pharmacol, 1990 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Oxiracetam increases the release of endogenous glutamate from depolarized rat
hippocampal slices. Marchi M, Besana E, Raiteri M. Istituto ...

Oxiracetam and aniracetam increase acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampus in vivo
MG Giovannini, P Rodino, D Mutolo, G Pepeu - Drug Development Research, 1993 - doi.wiley.com
... Research Article Oxiracetam and Aniracetam Increase Acetylcholine ... ABSTRACT The effect
of two nootropic drugs, oxiracetam and aniracetam, on cholinergic neu- ...

Selegiline versus oxiracetam in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia
A Falsaperla, PAM Preti, C Oliani - Clin Ther, 1990 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Selegiline versus oxiracetam in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Falsaperla
A, Monici Preti PA, Oliani C. Department of Neurology ...

Phenylethylamine (PEA)

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine specific binding protein in rat brain: purification and characterization
T. Nakaoka, N. Kojima, T. Hamamoto, N. Kurosawa, Y. C. Lee, H. Kawasaki, K. Suzuki and S. Tsuji
Glyco Molecular Biology, Frontier Research Program, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama.

Picamilon

Piracetam

Smart Drugs: Enhancing Cognitive Function with Piracetam

Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients.
Kessler J, Thiel A, Karbe H, Heiss WD.
Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany. josef.kessler@pet.mpin-koeln.mpg.de

Long-term and high-dose piracetam treatment of Alzheimer's disease
B Croisile, M Trillet, J Fondarai, B Laurent, F Mauguiere and M Billardon
Department of Neurology, Hopital Neurologique, Lyon, France.

Piracetam relieves symptoms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy and safety of three dosages of oral piracetam with placebo
Marjaleena Koskiniemi, Betty Van Vleymen, Lauri Hakamies, Salla Lamusuo, Jaakko Taalase
Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, SF-00290, Helsinki, Finland, UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, B1420 Belgium, Central Hospital of Vaasa, SF-65130 Vaasa, Finland, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Turku, SF-00290 Turku, Finland, Central Hospital of Mikkeli, SF-50100 Mikkeli, Finland

Modulating effect of the nootropic drug, piracetam on stress- and subsequent morphine-induced prolactin secretion in male rats
A Matton, S Engelborghs, F Bollengier, E Finne and L Vanhaeist
Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.

Design and Study of Piracetam-like Nootropics, Controversial Members of the Problematic Class of Cognition-Enhancing Drugs
Fulvio Gualtieri, Dina Manetti, Maria Novella Romanelli and Carla Ghelardini
Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Firenze, Italy

Pramiracetam

Pyritinol

Vinpocetine

Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia
Szatmari Sz, Whitehouse PJ
Cochrane Review 

Neuroscience Pharmaceutical Companies

Alseres Pharmaceuticals
Alseres Pharmaceuticals is a development stage biotechnology company engaged in the research and development of biopharmaceutical products for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases and for the treatment of some cancers. The Company has 11 technologies in its product portfolio, all of which were invented or discovered by researchers working at Harvard University and it's affiliated hospitals and has been licensed to the Company. The Company is developing the ALTROPANE imaging agent, a small molecule invented by researchers at Harvard and its Affiliates, including the Massachusetts General Hospital, as an aide in the diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes in patients with tremor and as an aide in the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Cephalon, Inc. (CEPH)
Cephalon, Inc. is an international biopharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery, development and marketing of products to treat sleep disorders, neurological disorders, cancer and pain. In addition to conducting an active research and development program, it markets three products in the United States and numerous products in various countries throughout Europe. The Company operates manufacturing facilities in France for the production of modafinil, which is the active drug substance in PROVIGIL (modafinil) tablets [C-IV], and Salt Lake City, Utah, for the production of ACTIQ (oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate) [C-II] for worldwide distribution and sale. The Company's three biggest products in terms of product sales, PROVIGIL, ACTIQ and GABITRIL (tiagabine hydrochloride), accounted for approximately 86% of its worldwide net sales for 2003. In August 2004, the Company acquired Cima Labs, Inc., a company that develops and manufactures prescription and over-the-counter products.

Cortex Pharmaceuticals Inc. (COR)
Cortex, located in Irvine, California, is a neuroscience company focused on novel drug therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. The Company is pioneering a class of proprietary pharmaceuticals called AMPAKINE compounds, which act to increase the strength of signals at connections between brain cells. The loss of these connections is thought to be responsible for memory and behavior problems in Alzheimer’s disease. Many psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, occur as a result of imbalances in the brain’s neurotransmitter system. These imbalances may be improved by using the AMPAKINE technology. Cortex has alliances with N.V. Organon for the treatment of schizophrenia and depression and with Les Laboratoires Servier for the development of AMPAKINE compounds to treat the neurodegenerative effects associated with aging and disease, including Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and anxiety disorders.

DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc. (DOVP)
DOV Pharmaceutical, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, in-licensing, development and commercialization of drug candidates for central nervous system and other disorders, including cardiovascular, that involve alterations in neuronal processing. The Company has six product candidates undergoing clinical development that address therapeutic indications: Indiplon, Ocinaplon, Bificadine, DOV 216,303, DOV 21,947 and DOV Diltiazem. DOV Pharmaceutical also has two compounds in preclinical development: DOV 102,677 for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and DOV 51,892 for anxiety disorders, including panic. Based upon preclinical pharmacological data, DOV Pharmaceutical intends to move these product candidates into clinical testing in the second half of 2004.

Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. (GLFD)
Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. is a pharmaceutical company engaged in the research, development and commercialization of products that target the hospital and neurology markets. It markets and sells pharmaceutical products, conducts clinical research to expand the labeled indications for its marketed products and develops new product candidates. The Company also collaborates with other pharmaceutical companies to support the sales and marketing of its products and the clinical development of product candidates. Guilford has two marketed products: GLIADEL Wafer and AGGRASTAT Injection. GLIADEL Wafer provides targeted, site-specific chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma, at the time of initial surgery and for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. AGGRASTAT Injection is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, approved for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. During the year ended December 31, 2003, Guilford acquired AGGRASTAT Injection from Merck & Co., Inc.

Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (IDEV)
Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company engaged in the development and commercialization of a diversified portfolio of product candidates, including multiple compounds in late-stage clinical development. As of September 30, 2003, the Company had six compounds in development: trospium for overactive bladder, pagoclone for panic and generalized anxiety disorders, citicoline for ischemic stroke, IP 751 for pain and inflammatory disorders, PRO 2000 for the prevention of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted pathogens and aminocandin for treatment of systemic fungal infections. In addition to its product candidates in development, Indevus is receiving royalties under a patent it licensed to Eli Lilly & Company based on net sales of Sarafem in the United States. Sarafem is prescribed to treat certain conditions and symptoms associated with pre-menstrual syndrome.

Memory Pharmaceuticals Corp. (MEMY)
Memory Pharmaceuticals Corp. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of drug candidates for the treatment of a broad range of central nervous system (CNS) conditions that exhibit significant impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. These conditions include neurological diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as certain psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia.

Neurobiological Technologies Inc. (NTII)
Neurobiological Technologies, Inc. (NTII) is a drug development company focused on the clinical evaluation and regulatory approval of neuroscience drugs. The Company develops neuroprotective and neuromodulatory agents to treat progressive neurological impairments characteristic of various nervous system disorders, including diabetic neuropathy and brain cancer. It has one approved product and two product candidates in clinical development. The approved product, Memantine, is an orally dosed compound that is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease and is marketed in the United States and Europe. Memantine is being developed for the treatment of neuropathic pain. The product candidates are XERECPT, a compound for the treatment of peritumoral brain edema, or swelling around brain tumors and Viprinex, a compound for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. (NBIX)
Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. discovers, develops and intends to commercialize drugs for the treatment of neurological and endocrine-related diseases and disorders. Neurocrine has 13 programs in various stages of research and development, including eight programs in clinical development. Its products under clinical development are indiplon for the treatment of insomnia; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist for the treatment of endometriosis and fibroids; altered peptide ligand for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Type 1 diabetes; D2 receptor agonist for the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) R1 antagonist for the treatment of anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal disorders; CRF R2 peptide agonist (Urocortin II) for the treatment of cardiovascular disoders, and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) fusion toxin for the treatment of solid tumors and malignant glioma.

Neurogen Corporation (NRGN)
Neurogen Corporation is a drug discovery and development company, targeting new small molecule drugs to improve the lives of patients suffering from disorders with significant unmet medical needs, including inflammation, pain, insomnia, depression and obesity. Neutrogena has generated a portfolio of compelling new drug programs through its fully integrated drug discovery and development processes. Neurogen's accelerated intelligent drug discovery (AIDD) process and its cellular functional assays help in identifying small molecule drug candidates. The small molecule drugs are suitable for oral administration as a pill and the large molecule drugs are administered by injection. The Company conducts its research and development independently and collaborates with other pharmaceutical companies during the drug research and development process to obtain additional resources and to access complementary expertise.

NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NPSP)
NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing small molecule drugs and recombinant proteins. Its product candidates, which are in various stages of clinical and preclinical development, are primarily for the treatment of bone and mineral disorders, gastrointestinal disorders and central nervous system disorders. One of its product candidates, cinacalcet HCl, is an orally active, small molecule compound for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Cinacalcet HCl is the subject of a new drug application that has been filed with the United Stated Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. NPS also completed a pivotal Phase III clinical trial with another product candidate, PREOS, a recombinant, full-length parathyroid hormone that it is developing for the treatment of osteoporosis. Additional product candidates, teduglutide and isovaleramide, are in Phase II clinical trials.

Pharmos Corporation (PARS)
Pharmos Corporation is a bio-pharmaceutical company that discovers and develops new drugs to treat a range of neuro-inflammatory disorders. The Company has a portfolio of drug candidates under development, as well as discovery, preclinical and clinical capabilities. In October 2001, it sold its ophthalmic product line that included Lotemax and Alrex, two products that were being marketed, and future extensions of loteprednol etabonate. As a result of the sale, Pharmos is exclusively in the drug candidate development stage. Its main product, dexanabinol, is a synthetic non-psychotropic cannabinoid in late-stage clinical development for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.

Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (TTP)
Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary therapeutics for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The Company's internal resources are focused primarily on clinical development of the following five products: Spheramine, for the treatment of late-stage Parkinson's disease; Pivanex, for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer; gallium maltolate, for the treatment of several cancers and bone-related disease associated with cancer; Probuphine, for the treatment of opiate addiction, and DITPA for the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Neuroscience Graduate School Rankings
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(rankings compiled by Doug Phillips, Director of R&D)

1. University of California at San Diego San Diego, CA
2. Stanford University Stanford, CA
3. University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA
4. Harvard University Cambridge, MA
5. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
6. Yale University New Haven, CT
7. Columbia University Columbia, NY
8. Washington University St. Louis, MO
9. University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA
10. Massachusettes Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA
11. University of California at Irvine Irvine, CA
12. California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA
13. University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA
14. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
15. Duke University Durham, NC
16. Brandeis University Waltham, MA
17. University of Washington Seattle, WA
18. Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH
19. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI
20. University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX
21. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC
22. Rockefeller University New York, NY
23. University of Chicago Chicago, IL
24. Emory University Atlanta, GA
25. University of Colorado Boulder, CO